Affirmative Action And Employment At Will - 1868 Words

Affirmative Action Employment at Will Affirmative action has been grounded in the social liberties uprising of the late 1950s and mid-1960s. The development conveyed a sensational change to U.S. social life through dissents, court choices, and administrative activity, coming full circle in the section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, prominently known as Title VII. Yet, Title VII specified governmental policy regarding minorities in society in a good way that was exclusive to the Native Americans. It enabled special treatment to be given to them that resided in or in close proximity reservations. Also, Title VII prohibited separation in regardless of color. The applicable piece of Title VII says: It shall be an unlawful practice for†¦show more content†¦Government agencies such as the Labor Department worked with businesses who would be using the policy and also created ways to evaluate and measure the success of it. Case Example To give a better understanding of the Civil Rights Act and its goals would be the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company which occurred in the early 70s. The legal cause of the case supposed that deliberate racial segregation was illegal, as well as hiring and workplace procedures that have sustained the impacts of past segregation. Also, the deliberate attempt to impede the hiring and progression of minorities, specifically black people, which may have been inadvertent should be forbidden and be renounced by those in charge. The black workers in this case argued that a common test was sufficient to rate someone’s ability to perform at a high level. The company required workers to take the test to be considered for a promotion. Standardized testing has been an intense topic because of the weak educational systems that many minorities have been through making them less to score higher than their white counterparts. This argument was used successfully in the case o f the black workers. The decision of the case went against the company. It reformed the Act by looking at disparate impact as opposed to intent. The standard holds that it is not always possible to recognize those who would have beenShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : Equal Employment Opportunity1004 Words   |  5 PagesWilliams 1 Kyle D. Williams Ms. Denk Honors English 9 12 May 2017 Research Paper In 1961, president John F Kennedy issued an executive order which created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and funded new actions to bring about â€Å"affirmative action† in eliminating racial bias in employment. In 1969 President Richard Nixon created the Philidelphia Order, a plan to make sure fair hiring was enforced. Initially, these acts were meant to correct past mistakes, and the opportunities were similarRead MoreAffirmative Action Programs : Education And Employment Essay2090 Words   |  9 Pages Affirmative action (AA) programs began as a management tool designed to ensure equal opportunity both in education and employment in the United States for members of underrepresented racial groups. There are numerous amounts of evidence to support that affirmative action programs have done exactly what they were established to do, but like with â€Å"any government policy that gives a positive meaning to some non-class non economic group difference† (Steinberg : 270) there are critics, who fail toRead MoreAffirmative Action And Equal Employment Opportunity Guarantees Similarity1266 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity guarantees similarity in provision on benefits as well as services to the workforce. The two laws go hand in hand in the workforce world. These laws are set in place to make it illegal for discrimination on any qualified employee in specific type of jobs by managers in certain workplaces. Discrimination can be in the form of racial, ethnicity, religion, sex, age, color or racial boundaries. The main goal with EEO and affirmative action is thatRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity ( Eeo ), Affirmative Action And Diversity Initiatives Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Employment Opportunity (EEO), Affirmative Action and Diversity initiatives are three different concepts. However, they do have an inter-relation between them. Affirmative Action plans are initiated by the feder al government. This programme ensures equal opportunities for employment and opportunities for self-development at workplace. It provides opportunities to qualified individuals who have been denied such opportunities in the past on some kind of discrimination. Primarily, it is a quotaRead MoreDifferences Between Equal Employment Opportunity Initiatives, Affirmative Action Initiatives and Diversity Initiatives in Organizations1120 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences between Equal Employment Opportunity initiatives, Affirmative Action initiatives and Diversity initiatives in organizations Tim Piper Issues in Human Resources Management – MBA 910 February 14, 2012 To best understand how affirmative action (AA), equal employment opportunity (EEO) and diversity work together, I will take a look at each of them and how they interact with each other and also explore the differences of the three initiatives . First Equal employment opportunity is theRead MoreAffirmative Action And Equal Opportunity709 Words   |  3 PagesI. Introduction A. Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity in Employment have been used to ensure that all minorities are given an opportunity to succeed in America. Equal Opportunity itself is a concept hinted at by the founders in the Constitution, whereas Affirmative Action is the government policy that brings about Equal Opportunity in Employment. Has Affirmative Action actually managed to right the wrongs of previous discrimination of minorities or has it only compounded the discriminationRead MoreAffirmative Action Programs Should Be Legal1320 Words   |  6 Pagesto our textbook, institutions or organizations involves with affirmative action programs in order to improve opportunities or provide compensations for individuals that belong to omitted groups in the U.S history. While affirmative action programs are prevalent in a numerous of fields, employment and education are the two most active fields that focus on the affirmative action. In many associations and other cases, the affirmative action can be considered as a series of privileged programs. TheseRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action Policies912 Words   |  4 Pageshas been discussing the importance of implementing an affirmative action policy to assist in assuring that the company complies with equal employment opportunity laws. The department has decided that the best action is to contact the members of the board of directors. The Federal Government has passed several laws to prevent employment discrimination, and not complying with these laws can cause serious consequences. The purpose of equal employment opportunity laws are to assist in allowing the fairRead MoreAffirmative Action1160 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Marlene S. Smith MGT/434 October 28, 2013 Thomas Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full and equal opportunities for employment and education for women, minorities, and other individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action as it applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are subject to affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action Programs Should Be Legal1576 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy issued Executive Order 10925, introducing the phrase â€Å"affirmative action.† A few years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color and religion. Although there were no specific policies that require colleges and universities to use affirmative action programs, they voluntarily gave advantages to minorities and women in the admission process. Affirmative action programs were first challenged in Regents of the University

Essay - 818 Words

Other Projects Besides the one primary project I was assigned to, I had a hand in many other small projects. Without going into detail because of information privacy, I was able to refine and perfect my Microsoft PowerPoint skills. I created many PowerPoint presentations throughout the summer enhanced with sleek and professional designs and animations. I was able to seamlessly put together presentations that let you describe points and bullets in a visual fashion instead of a mundane way. I also used software called Spotfire to enhance my primary project. Spotfire is like Tableau, a data visualization and drill-down tool. I was able to visualize my use cases and categories to show which issues were prominent than others. Since I know†¦show more content†¦Between the experience of helping the community and networking with other volunteers, I loved being able to volunteer this summer. Roundtables One of the greatest events, or type of event, that TI offered this summer were roundtable sessions. In these, the IT interns were able to talk with leaders somewhat one-on-one and ask them any questions we had. Leaders we were able to talk with were staff like the CIO and TI’s chief architect. Knowing that this experience was truly rare for a company to offer its interns, I took full advantage of it and asked as many questions as I could. Learning everyone’s background and listening to the advice that they gave was remarkable. Knowing the paths they took and what they did to get where they are now, excited me for my future at Texas Instruments. I’m not sure what percentage of companies that allow their IT leaders to interact with their interns on such a personal basis and atmosphere, but I am sure it is very minimal. These roundtables were a great learning experience and I was really able to empathize with them. Networking Events Like mentioned previously, TI held many networking events throughout the summer. Some were solely interns, to meet people in your shoes, and some were with TI employees that had only been there for a small amount of time. Texas Instruments gave us every opportunity to meet people that we can learn and grow from, whether we worked at TI in our future orShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. When he was younger he saw tennis as a rich mans sport in which he had no interest. One of his much-respected neighbors, the colonel, approached Hogan’s father with the idea that his son might like to learn how to play tennis. After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. 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Impact of life skills training on HIV and AIDS prevention Free Essays

string(53) " programmes in Zimbabwean schools to HIV prevention\." This was a qualitative research where data about the implementation were gathered through interviews and focus group discussions with chool principals, teachers and students. A sample of 4 principals, 8 teachers and 64 students was used in the study. Students were assessed on knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of life skills training on HIV and AIDS prevention or any similar topic only for you Order Now Results showed that students exhibited high levels of knowledge of HIV and AIDS issues but their behaviour remained incongruent with this knowledge. The study also revealed that effectiveness of this prevention strategy is reduced due to teachers’ perception of this part of the curriculum as secondary, since they concentrate on examinable courses. From the research it was evident that imited resources and conflicting goals in the education system had a negative impact on the programme. The research made clear the need to make the teaching of life skills more practical by exposing students to real life situations through linkages with HIV and AIDS organizations working within the community. Key Words: Life skills, Evaluation, Behaviour Change, BACKGROUND AIDS is amongst the leading causes of deaths worldwide and has had insurmountable negative effects on countries, in the socio-cultural, economic and political domains. Different countries have employed different strategies in an effort o combat the devastating effects of HIV and AIDS. Some of these strategies include increased condom availability and use, promotion of abstinence and life skills training amongst the youth in schools and communities. According to The Global Working Group on HIV and AIDS (1998; 8) since HIV infection is invariably the result of human behaviour, change in behaviour has long been understood as essential to curbing the spread of 1 infection. This assertion is corroborated by Gachuhi (1999;iv) who argues that in the absence of a cure, the best way to deal with HIV and AIDS is through prevention by eveloping and/or changing behaviour and values. V prevention nas been approached trom ditterent angles; most countries nave used primarily or at least included HIV awareness and education as a strategy to combat HIV with the aim of changing people†s perceptions and attitudes as these ultimately influence their behaviour. Therefore the ultimate goal is then to catch them young and create an awareness that can help eradicate the spread of HIV and AIDS. Zimbabwe is amongst the countries that undertook a behaviour change based approach to HIV prevention. As cited on the National AIDS Council (NAC) website ?the Behaviour Change Communication programme started in 2006 after a Comprehensive Review of Behaviour Change as a means of preventing sexual HIV transmission in Zimbabwe. A National Behaviour Change Strategy was then developed after this review with the aim of addressing the major ways of HIV transmission in this country. † It is assumed that between 80 and 90% of infections are due to sexual transmission. Hence, promoting the adoption of safe sexual behaviours remains at the heart of HIV prevention in Zimbabwe (SAfAlDS, 2013). Zimbabwe†s focus was on primary prevention of HIV through behaviour change strategies. It has since recorded a decrease in HIV incidence. In 1997, an estimated 29% of adults were living with HIV in Zimbabwe. One decade later in 2007, that number had fallen to 16%. HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe declined from 23. 2% in 2003 and even further to 14. 3% in 2009. (UNFPA, 2008). Different scholars and analysts have attributed this decline to various factors, resulting in a debate. One such analyst from News From Africa propounded that â€Å"The behavioural changes associated with HIV reduction†mainly reductions in extramarital, commercial, and casual sexual relations, and associated reductions in artner concurrency†appear to have been stimulated primarily by increased awareness of AIDS deaths and secondarily by the countrys economic deterioration. Others have suggested increased mortality due to poor health service delivery (Leach-Lemens; 2012). There is consensus however that there is indeed a reduction in HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe and that there are indications of behaviour change. The authors conclude that these â€Å"findings provide 2 the first convincing evidence of an HIV decline accelerated by changes in sexual behaviour in a southern African country. † (Gregson et al; 2010). Gachuhi (1999; 10) asserts that young people offer a window of hope in stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS if they have been reached by Life Skills Programmes. Th is assertion brings out the importance that is placed in a country†s youth as it represents the country†s future. Zimbabwe as a nation identifies with this perspective and has found it laudable to invest in the future of its youth by making it a target group tor H V prevention education. However, the youth are taced with several challenges that also make them vulnerable to HIV. Kalanda (2010;169) asserts that young people have demands and challenges due to their physiological, sychological, social and economic situations. Among these demands and challenges are peer pressure into drug and substance abuse, early sexual debut leading to sexually transmitted diseases (ST’s) including HIV. A review by UNICEF (2000) found that life skills education is effective in educating youth on alcohol, tobacco and other drug abuse, nutrition, pregnancy prevention and preventing ST’s including HIV. Moya (2002) states that research demonstrates that possessing life skills may be critical to young people’s ability to positively adapt to and deal with the demands and challenges of life. According to Kalanda (2010:172) the objective of Life skills and HIV and AIDS education is to empower pupils and their teachers with life skills for HIV prevention, sex and sexuality issues. This coincides with the research conducted for The Global Monitoring Report ?Youth and Skills: Putting education to work† which shows the importance of investing in life skills education in school to ensure children have the confidence and negotiating skills to say no to sex and negotiate condom use. Objectives of the study The study seeks to evaluate the implementation of the life skills and HIV and AIDS ducation programmes in schools as stipulated by the Ministry of Education? The study also seeks to assess the contribution of these life skills training programmes in Zimbabwean schools to HIV prevention. You read "Impact of life skills training on HIV and AIDS prevention" in category "Life" It aims to assess the levels of knowledge about HIV and AIDS, risk perception, attitudes and behaviour of the students in these schools. Challenges that present drawbacks in the implementation of these programmes will hopefully be unearthed as well. 3 Research Questions 1. How is Life skills and HIV and AIDS education perceived as part of the curriculum by both teachers and students in schools? . Is the programme achieving its desired goals of increasing knowledge and decreasing risky behaviour? 3. Do the teachers assigned for life skills and HIV and AIDS education have the necessary training and material to use in the teaching of this part of the curriculum? 4. What are the challenges faced by the teachers in imparting life skills and HIV and AIDS knowledge? Participants / Sample The sample used in the study consisted of 4 principals, 8 teachers and 64 students. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of principals and teachers for the study from the respective schools. Selection of principals was automatic as the principal of each of the four schools was involved while 2 teachers were selected trom each ot the tour schools. The criterion used to select these teachers was that they were the ones responsible within the school for Life skills and HIV and AIDS education. The students were selected using stratified random sampling; 16 students from each school, 8 from each of the forms four and six as they are about to leave school and enter ?the real world†. There was an equal representation for both male and female student participants in the study. Data collection instruments The study employed interviews and focus group discussions as data collection instruments. Interviews were held with the principals and teachers while data from students was generated through focus group discussions. Data Collection Procedure Interviews were held individually with each of the principals and teachers in a bid to maintain confidentiality and promote openness especially since some of the issues could be considered sensitive. Each principal availed time to the researchers for the focus group discussions to be held. The two researchers alternated in the facilitation f data generation from the interviews with the other researcher recording the proceedings. Focus group discussions were conducted for each of the four schools for the sake of convenience and ease of access to the students. Two focus group discussions were held at each of the four schools; one for the girls facilitated by the female 4 researcher and the other one for the boys facilitated by the male researcher. This allowed for free participation and contribution by students as they identified with a facilitator of their gender. Data analysis Data was analysed thematically according to the main ideas emerging from the nterviews and focus group discussions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results: Demography of participants The students who participated were in forms four and six and with an age range of 16 – 18 years. The sample in terms of gender was comprised of 32 female students and 32 male students. For the principals 3 were male whilst one was female. They all had a first degree as their minimum level of education. All the teachers had a Diploma in Education as their minimum qualification. In addition to the diploma, 5 of the teachers also had a first degree. Knowledge about HIV and AIDS issues The students exhibited high levels of knowledge about HIV and AIDS issues. Most students were aware ot the possible me tnods ot transmission ot H V They were able to correctly answer questions on methods of preventing HIV transmission even including ideas of their reliability for example highlighting the disadvantages of condom use even going into an interesting debate about the feasibility and challenges of consistent condom use in or out of marriage. The students indicated that they knew that the best method of prevention from the virus was abstinence before marriage. Basic knowledge about the nature of HIV and AIDS, transmission and prevention appeared to be at their fingertips but when broadened to other areas of sexual reproductive health the level of knowledge significantly reduced. Students were not aware of measures that could be taken to protect their reproductive organs. Boys were better aware of male circumcision because of the national campaign advocating for male circumcision. Even girls were aware of the advantages of male circumcision. Very few (17%) of both boys and girls were aware of procedures such as PAP SMEAR for the screening of cervical cancer. Most students were also not well versed with strategies and precautions to be taken during home based care of HIV positive individuals citing that they had never had to deal with an ill person on a personal level. Only a few (36%) had had personal contact and real life experiences of helping to take care of or live in the same household with an HIV positive individual. They agreed though that most did have relatives infected by HIV. Very few students knew what life skills were and what the advantages of learning them were. The few who knew life skills indicated that they had learnt them in other ettings that were not school. They also indicated that their knowledge of life skills was minimal and they were not confident that other could apply these skills to the extent of claiming to possess them. Most of them could only name at most two life skills. Behaviour A significant portion of the students (35%) indicated that they were sexually active whilst 80% indicated that they knew at least one friend who was sexually active amongst their friends of school-going age. The reasons given by some of them for engaging in sexual activity included; â€Å"Some of us will already have been sexually ctive when we first encounter such programmes so it very difficult to stop. Some have tried to do so but still find themselves engaging again. One feels bad during the period that we will be learning these things but once we finish and with time the feeling fades away. And also it is difficult to convince your boyfriend about such things as abstaining that you would have learnt at school. Some of those who said they were not sexually active stated that they did however fondle with their boyfriends but did not engage in intercourse. Despite displaying nowledge about male circumcision only 5% ot the boys admitted to having been circumcised. They acknowledged the importance but cited that they Just had not gotten round to getting it done though they intended to do so. The principals indicated that the number of female students dropping out of school due to teenag e pregnancies had decreased significantly over the past ten years. They indicated that the mean number of drop outs was now 2 per year as compared to the 7-8 of previous years. Students’ perception of the programme The majority of students (90%) viewed the programme as insignificant citing that ven their teachers did not take it seriously. They conceded however that the material they could potentially learn from the programme was important. They stated that given the pressure they sometimes 6 faced with balancing school work and responsibilities or chores at home there was very little time to concentrate on non-examinable courses, especially since they were approaching final examinations (Ordinary Level). They argued that there was no reason for them to focus on such a course when everywhere they went they also heard about HIV and AIDS. One student said â€Å"Why would I risk failing the important ubjects that have to do with my future by concentrating on a subject that I won’t even be examined on and will not help me to get a place at high school, university or even a Job. There is no Job where they will ask you if you did life skills. † Another student said: â€Å"Those who are interested in such things Join the AIDS club, that is why it is there. The study revealed that the programme was indeed viewed as being of slight importance. The students also highlighted that it was boring and a waste of time because most of what they learnt about HIV and AIDS they already knew and was like revision to them. Teachers’ perceptions of the programme The interviews also revealed that teachers thought that the Life skills and HIV and AIDS education programme was minor as com pared to the core subjects they taught. So minor in fact that the implementation of this programme was entirely at the discretion of the teacher assigned to do so. If the teacher chose not to there were no repercussions on their part. One teacher stated that â€Å"With the state the Zimbabwean economy is in and the fact that teachers are grossly underpaid, we only do the work we absolutely have to do which is teaching the core subjects we are paid to teach. Life skills and HIV and AIDS are extra-curricular and not as important because no one will assess whether you have taught it or not whilst our teaching of core subjects will be reflected in the students’ results after examinations. † The study revealed that 7 out of the 8 teachers (87. %) interviewed admitted to never having taught the module seriously as they were not motivated enough to try and change the status quo. The teachers intimated that their perceptions of the programme were also influenced by their administration†s attitude towards the programme. They argued that if the administration was not taking the programme eriously who were they to do so? Challenges fac ed by teachers in the implementation of the programme Teachers highlighted a number of issues that according to them hindered the effective implementation of the Life skills and HIV and AIDS programme in their schools. They cited the shortage of or entire lack of material to use in the teaching of Life skills and HIV and AIDS. They mentioned that the only material available was for example a chapter on reproductive sexual health in a biology textbook where they mention HIV and AIDS in passing. They argued that this was not sufficient to comprise a omprehensive syllabus for the entire programme. Life skills were even more challenging to teach as there was no material available and the teachers themselves were not well versed with them. Teachers highlighted that the HIV and AIDS part of the programme was easier to teach since most people had the knowledge and they had been exposed to the subject matter at their teachers† colleges. However life skills were a different matter and they did not have the adequate knowledge about life skills and how to teach them to their students. This presented a challenge in the effective implementation of he programme as teachers tended to focus on the part they were confident about; HIV and AIDS. They conceded that life skills and HIV and AIDS education were an important part of the curriculum but argued that they did not have enough time to teach these as the core subjects and extra-curricular activities such as sports and clubs took up all the students† time. Life skills and HIV and AIDS education was therefore relegated to the AIDS club, membership of which was optional for students. Teachers cited that even the administration viewed the programme as secondary uch that if one tried to teach it seriously and request the material to teach it they were viewed as embarking on a futile attempt to try and change the status quo. They said the schools† administrations were of the perception that there were better things to spend the schools† resources on than the life skills programme. The principals indicated that the resources available to their schools were inadequate and they had to make difficult decisions in order to uphold the integrity and quality of their schools and these included prioritising the core subjects since they were xaminable and had direct impact on the schools† performance rating. Discussion: This paper evaluated the implementation of the life skills and HIV and AIDS programme in Zimbabwean schools based on a number of factors; the expected outcomes of increased 8 knowledge levels and decreased risky behaviour, indicators of behaviour change and perceptions of the programme which would affect acceptance by students and implementation by teachers. Though knowledge levels on basic H d AIDS knowledge was high they are still not high enough. This concurs with the research conducted for The Global Monitoring Report ?Youth and Skills: Putting education to work† which states that tests in fourteen countries in South and East Africa (including Zimbabwe) showed that only 7% of school children in the regions have the desired level of knowledge on HIV and AIDS; and Just 36% have even the minimum level of knowledge. Students† knowledge of life skills is even lower indicating that life skills and HIV and AIDS issues are not being taught well if at all in these schools. Perhaps even the knowledge of HIV and AIDS issues was not as a result of the programme but other sources external to the school. The fact that teachers consider life skills and HIV and AIDS education as extra- curricular indicates that it is side-lined when it should be considered core. Even the students do not attach much value to it citing that it does not assist them to secure a place for further education or a Job. This is without realizing that some people with very good educational qualifications are failing to secure good Jobs due to ill health as a result of bad decisions resulting from a lack of life skills. A major lack of motivation is evident when teachers indicate that they only do what they are paid for. Perhaps even the core subjects are not being taught well for this reason. Incentives have been introduced in schools to attempt to address this lack of motivation but even then these are viewed as inadequate and are different from school to school. Life skills and HIV and AIDS education is perceived by all; administration, teachers and students, as extra-curricular and therefore not very important requiring only a minimal perfunctory browse. If this is how the programme is viewed by the intended implementers there is no way it will be effectively implemented. Concerning teacher ormation and development in the context of HIVAIDS Chamba (2011 suggests that teachers have to be trained in life skills HIV-AIDS education prevention in order to teach HIV- AIDS and also to protect themselves from HIV infections. Recommendations to improve on implementation of programme The modules on life skills and HIV and AIDS should be made examinable so as to be taken more seriously by both the teachers and the students. 9 The programme should also include the involvement of the students in HIV prevention initiatives through organisations working within the community so as to ive them a more practical bearing of the issues they learn instead of them remaining abstract ideas. Students should be exposed to real life situations where they actually come to a realization of the effects of HIV and AIDS so as to realize the impo rtance ot what they learn. This programme should be planned in such a manner that it runs continuously from primary school into secondary school so that life skills training and HIV and AIDS education are not a once off event but a continuous process providing the necessary reinforcement and revision where necessary. Teachers need to be adequately trained to teach life skills and HIV and AIDS related issues. The programme needs to be supported practically at all levels, that it the provision of resources by the Ministry of Education and each school administration, consistent evaluation of the programme so as to ensure that it is being implemented as best as is possible. Parents should be involved so that the children are provided with consistent, noncontradictory information and are supported in the endeavour to change or develop healthy sexual behaviours. How to cite Impact of life skills training on HIV and AIDS prevention, Essays

Clean Water for Domestic Use-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Clear Drinking Water. Answer: Introduction Clear drinking water has grown to be a precious commodity in recent years making it a lucrative business. Today many water purification, packaging and distribution companies have been established and most have registered huge success due to the increasing demand for clean bottled drinking water. Affinity Water is one such company which was established in 2012 and has since grown to have over 1150 employee. The company headquarters is located in Hatfield, Hertfordshire and mainly services customers in NW of Greater London and some Home counties. The business is owned as a partnership between Allianz Group, HICL and DIF Tamblin. As of March 2016, the company had registered 303 million pounds sterling in revenue which is considerably high considering the low number of employees and area served(Water, 2017). This clearly demonstrates the businesses potential to register a huge growth rate and expansion with proper management of its operations. Comprehensive Distribution of the Business Affinity Water specializes in the purification and distribution of clean water to customers in West London. Water is a basic requirement which each individual making it important for the proper management of the water resources. The resource requires being harvesting; treating and distributing in a proper manner so as to reduce the negative effect on the environment and ensure the resources sustainability in future(Blowfield, 2013). Water pollutions is another major concern that water purifying plants and companies face making it an area of priority to address for Affinity Water. With privatization of water supply to city residents being encouraged it has become very important for the businesses to take all aspects into close consideration and at the same time maintain its focus on sustainable growth which is the objective of the company. Products and Services As the name suggests Affinity Water specializes in the supply and distribution of clean water. The company current focus area is West London but targets on expanding across London in the future. The key products supplied by the business include clean piped water for domestic use as well as fresh and clean drinking water(Water, Home, 2017). The company also manages water supply and maintenance services which help reduce water wastage. Clean water for domestic use Affinity Water is responsible for supplying West London with clean water for domestic usage. This includes water supplied to homes and apartments for daily use in the kitchen, laundry and washrooms. Affinity Water is responsible for sourcing and filtering the water and ensuring t is clean and safe to use before being supplied to the consumers via pipeline. Clean bottled drinking water Affinity Water also has a unit which specializes in the production of clean and safe bottled drinking water. This department of the business specializes in purification and bottling of hygienic clean drinking water for distribution and sale to customers. The bottled water comes in a wide array of sizes catering to different consumer needs. Water supply system management Affinity Water also has water engineers ready on standby to handle water engineering concerns. Plumbers and water piping engineers are available 24/7 to handle water related supply emergences and prevent water wastage. They are also responsible for conducting home and site inspections to identify leaks and stop any with the objective of conserving water. The demand for water is growing on a daily basis making it important to manage and also conserve the resource. Business Model To analysis Affinity Water in a better manner, it is critical for a SWOT analysis to be performed which will help determine the Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities and threats the business faces(Osterwalder Pigneur, 2013). Understanding these aspects will help the business develop a stronger and more effective business model which can be used to encourage business growth in a better manner. Strengths Water being a highly demanded commodity ensures water sustainability is a priority for the stakeholders. The high demand has made it important for the business to turn its focus towards managing the resource so as to ensure sustainable production of water which so as to ensure the business continues its operations of distributing water to consumers in future. With high customer demand, Affinity Water can turn its attention to focusing on other areas such as water catchment management which would ensure constant water supply in future. Weaknesses A major concern facing Affinity Water is related to water management among water consumers. Today more than even people are unable to realize the importance of conserving water which leads to many customers having leaking taps and pipes leading to wastage of water. This is an area which requires urgent intention and Affinity Water has put in place a task force and maintenance team who conduct customer visits and perform the repairs to help stop the leaks. Preventing leaks helps reduce wastage of clean water which helps reduce the pressure on the water reservoirs, catchment areas and the system as a whole. With many customers unwilling to pay for plumbing, Affinity Water also offers a maintenance team which allows the customer to call for the plumbing service to helps stop the leak o perform some plumbing repair work. Affinity Water has also begun installing water meters to help reduce water wastage. His move has been met with many mixed reactions since many customers are used to wast ing water and with meters they are now expected to pay for their consumption. Opportunities Affinity Water has the opportunity to expand unlimitedly in the industry due to the high demand for water. Today people are also growing health conscious thus leading many to also invest on distilled and reverse osmosis purified bottled water which is areas which Affinity Water can continue ending in with minimal investment. Supply of clean water for domestic use continued to also register high demand but the profit margins linked to piped water are considerably lower as compared to bottled water. This makes it more important for the business to focus its attention towards expanding its water purification department which can help generate higher profits and ensure the business rapid development and growth. Threats Water is a highly demanded commodity which also attracts attention from competitors to the resources which make it important for Affinity Water to secure exclusive rights on water catchment areas. Affinity Water currently only supplies West London leading other water supply companies from other regions eying the water resource which they want to utilize to for themselves. This makes it important for Affinity Water to focus their attention towards securing long term water catchments are leased legally and also consider securing a larger catchment area. Pollution and catchment area destruction is another concern which is facing all water management companies today thus its important for the business to consider developing suitable approaches linked to preventing pollution of water bodies and catchments and also ensuring the sustainable production of water. Conclusion Affinity Water has registered a major growth rate in the past decade but the company will require implementing some important measures to ensure sustainability. The demand for clean and safe water is increasing and this is placing considerable pressure on the resources. This calls for water companies to develop effective management plans which address sustainability concerns while also keeping customer satisfaction needs in mind. The goals is to ensure Affinity Water continues registering high rate of success while still ensuring water bodies remain unharmed for the future generation to utilize. Bibliography Blowfield, M. (2013). Business and Sustainability. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2013). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. John Wiley Sons. Water, A. (2017, August 5). About us. Retrieved August 5, 2017, from Affinity Water: https://stakeholder.affinitywater.co.uk/about-us.aspx Water, A. (2017, August 5). Home. Retrieved August 7, 2017, from Affinity Water: https://www.affinitywater.co.uk/at-home.aspx

Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral Therapy Free Online Research Papers Behaviorism is a school of thought that emphasizes the role of experience in governing behavior (Klein 2008). Behaviorists regard behavior as overtly displayed, measurable, learned physiological reactions to environmental stimuli, rather than of mental state. Psychological disorders are seen as causes of maladaptive learning. Behavioral therapy is one in which the basic tenets of learning theory the elementary principles of how learning occurs are used to change behavior (Kroger 1977). Behaviorist’ research of the processes of learning and unlearning has provided psychology with behaviorist learning theories and models used to explain and modify behavior. Even though the mental state is an essential focus in Clinical Hypnosis, behavior therapy principles play a crucial role in clinical hypnosis. The objective of this essay is to briefly evaluate this role. The application of behavioral therapy techniques in Clinical Hypnosis is referred to as the hypnobehavioral approach. This essay focusses on the works of the main behaviorist theorists Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner and Wolpe, and the principles of their work relevant to hypnobehavioral techniques found within Clinical Hypnosis, in the context of the treatment of phobias, anxiety and unwanted habits. With regards to therapy, the essay will then evaluate the benefits of using either the hypno-behavioral or the behavioral approach. Discussion Behaviorism explains behavior and behavioral modification through a number of learning theories, of which the principle of conditioning forms the basis. Conditioning is the process by which a reflexive response to a stimulus is acquired (Gross 2005). Pavlov ‘s work with dogs involved pairing certain signals (unconditioned stimuli) with the arrival of food (unconditioned stimulus). After a while, the dogs would salivate when the signal (now termed a conditioned stimulus) was given, without the presence of food; they had learned to associate the two events. Salivation became a learned involuntary response to a stimulus. Pavlov termed this learned behavior a Conditioned Reflex or Conditioned Response (CR). He termed the process Classical ‘Conditioning’. If the signal were repeated several times with the food being withheld, the dogs would eventually learn not to salivate. This process of unlearning the CR Pavlov termed ‘extinction’ (Waxman 1989). Th e process of counterconditioning is a more active unlearning of the CR; the intensity of the CR (f.i. anxiety) is reduced by establishing an incompatible response (relaxation) to the conditioned stimulus (a spide, f.e.), until this new S-R connection has been established. Watson applied conditioning to the study of human behavior. He paired a loud noise when presenting a small animal to an infant, resulting in the infant learning to fear the animal. This showed evidence of classical conditioning in humans (Gross 2005). Through one of his students, Watson observed that humans can also unlearn fear towards a particular stimulus if that stimulus is paired with -in this experiment- food. Thorndike and Skinner developed the theory of Operant Conditioning, whereby voluntary behavior is modified by the use of consequences. Thorndike theorised that behaviors that are followed by pleasant consequences are likely to be repeated in the future. Skinner researched shaping behavior through positive or negative reinforcement (the response will increase) and punishment (the response will decrease). Extinction’ occurs when a CR will occur with less frequency or ceases altogether as a result of producing neither favorable nor unfavorable consequences. The work of Pavlov, Thorndike and Skinner is significant for behavioral and hypnobehavioral therapy as it shows how people could potentially learn anxieties, phobias and habits, and how existing behaviors could be unlearned. Wolpe is another behaviorist whose theories find their application in Clinical Hypnosis. Wolpe (1973) stated that Behavior Therapy is relevant in syndromes that owe their existence to learning. Therefore, as one is not born with f.i. the desire to smoke, in theory, these behaviors can be unlearned. And, if phobias are, as Wolpe (1990) describes, a maladaptive learned habit, then, in theory, conditioning can establish a more appropriate behavior. He developed a therapy called ‘Systematic Desensitisation’, based on his theory of ‘Reciprocal Inhibition’: the inhibition of the action of one neural pathway by the activity of another (Gross 2005). This occurs when a stronger, incompatible response is introduced towards a particular stimulus, competing with and overriding the previous response. Wolpe argued that certain mental states are antagonistic to anxiety. These antagonistic mental states are relaxation, hunger, thirst and sexual arousal. A person cannot feel anxiety when experiencing any one of these antagonistic mental states. Desensitisa tion means becoming insensitive to a stimulus. In hypnobehavioral therapy, these principles are applied when treating maladaptive anxiety-reponses with Wolpe’s technique of ‘Systematic Desensitisation’. In imagination and in trance, the patient is gradually exposed to a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli, whilst responding with a previously learned relaxation-response, overriding the anxiety. The patient learns to associate the two; a new CR to the anxiety-provoking stimuli has been established. Before testing the responses in vivo, the patient completes the process in trance, communicating with IMR (ideomotor response) to indicate their coping limits whereupon relaxation can be deepened. This behavioral therapy lends itself well to being practiced in trance as a hypnobehavioral therapy and is known as ‘Hypno-desensitisation’ (Joseph 1994). This therapy is very effective in the treatment of phobias and anxiety, as well as for maladaptive habits resulting from anxiety. Hurley (1976) reported a case of severe bridge and height-phobia treated by modified Systematic Desensitisation in hypnosis. In functional anxiety-responses, appropriate traces of anxiety must be left to enhance performance or protect from danger. Learning Theory states that learning occurs through association and repetition. With this in mind, behavior modification can be achieved in hypnosis using a.o the following behavioral techniques, based on the behavioral principles discussed: Aversion Therapy, Flooding, Assertiveness Training, and Massed Practice (and Systematic Desensitisation, as already discussed), hereby applied in the Hypnobehavioral treatment of phobias, anxiety, and unwanted habits. Extinction of a phobia can be caused in hypnosis by the technique of ‘Flooding’: continual imagined exposure to the feared stimulus without the benefit of associated relaxation.The patient experiences the anxiety until the stimulus loses its effect both through physical exhaustion of the patient and the patient learning there are no aversive consequences (Operant Conditioning), becoming desensitised. This is a last resort-technique a.o. due to risk of further traumatising the patient. Aversion Therapy consists of administering an aversive stimulus to inhibit an unwanted response, thereby diminishing the habit strength (Wolpe 1973). Based on Classical Conditioning, the patient will associate the prodromal stimulus with the aversion, resulting in suppression of the undesired behavior. This technique should be a requested, last resort-treatment, after informed consent of the patient has been gained. Massed practice eliminates a habit by continued repetition of the stimulus that triggers the bad habit, or by repeating the habit behavior until it exhausts itself (Wolpe 1973). The patient becomes desensitised to the stimulus or habit. Since imagining a habit could lead to its in vivo expression, this technique is contraindicated where there is risk of damaging the patient. Assertiveness Training is used to treat anxiety-responses (phobias, habits such as stammering) triggered by social stimuli. The patient is desensitised to the feared stimulus, and, on top, depending on behavioral type, diaphragmatic breathing influencing voice-projection and changing of physical posture is taught, which is likely to influence other people’s responses in turn, due to their conditioning. Direct Suggestions can break or reinforce S-R connections. Cues such as as soon as use the principles of Classical Conditioning as a strong association is formed between S-R, reducing risk of extinction. Suggestions for relaxation continually delivered on the exhalation may start to function as an anchor. For all three maladaptive behaviors, hypnobehavioural therapies use Homework, generally incorporating Self-hypnosis and Pseudo-Orientation in Time, to reinforce desired behavior, as well as in vivo-exposure-tasking, breaking the cycle of avoidance of the feared stimulus. Deiker and Pollock (1975) showed how pseudo-orientation in time can be effective in allowing the patient to picture themselves in the future having beaten the phobia. Regular reinforcement through pseudo-orientation in time allows the patient to visualise the goal-orientated, motivating, positive consequences of the desired behavior, based on the principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning, setting a template for success. The most powerful reinforcement comes from experiencing the ultimate in vivo positive consequences of the modified behavior. The patient that has undergone hypnobehavioral therapy, will be thoroughly prepared. Conclusion It can be strongly argued that the hypno-behavioralist approach could be more effective than the behaviorist approach. Kroger (1977) stated that hypnosis facilitates learning. This allows more rapid behavioral modification. As therapy is done in the unconscious mind, bypassing critical conscious interference resulting in increased suggestibility, a suggestion can be accepted in one session, while behavioral therapy relies on repetition to enable conditioning. Hypnosis achieves enhanced feelings and greater depths of relaxation, increasing effectiveness and speed of many techniques. Hypnosis is valuable at treating anxiety as the process of induction and deepening generally relieves anxiety (Hammond, 1990). The hypnobehavioral approach allows the conditioning process to be carefully controlled, offering greater safety for the patient. IMR allows the therapist to check on progress, allowing greater control and respecting the patients coping level, thus reducing risk of retraumatising and breaking rapport. Other advantages of the hypnobehavioral approach include the ability to give post-hypnotic suggestions to encourage behavioral responses to situations that were imagined (Deyoub and Epstein 1977), as well as enhanced scene-visualisation (Deiker and Pollock 1975), increasing effectiveness of Pseudo-orientation in time. Ego-strengthening is a vital ingredient of the hypnobehavioral approach, as it increases the patients coping-ability, and thus success of therapy. Ego-strengthening can help prevent relapses of undesired habits (Rist Watzl 1983). Self-hypnosis empowers the patient by gaining control over their responses, as well as reinforcing conditioning in between sessions; all adding to preparation for in vivo exposure. However, much depends on the patients personality, situation and presenting symptom. Not everyone is a good hypnotic subject, and there are situations where hypnosis is contraindicated. In therapy, we can make best use of either approach when we allow them to cross over and compliment each other. References Carlson N and Buskist W (1997) Psychology: The science of behavior 5th edition Allyn Bacon Deiker TE and Pollock (1975) Integration of Hypnotic and systematic desensitization techniques in the treatment of phobias: a case report American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 17:117 Deyoub P L Epstein S (1977) Short term hypnotherapy for the treatment of flight phobia; A case report American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 19, 251-254 Gross R (2005) Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour Hodder Arnold Hammond D C (1990) Handbook of Hypnotic Suggestion and Metaphors Norton Hurley A D (1976) Unsystematic desensitization using pleasurable images to inhibit anxiety Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7 Joseph M (1994) Hypno-desensitisation European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (2): 14-20 Klein S B (2008) Learning: Principles and Applications 5th edition Sage Publications Kroger W S (1977) Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 2nd edition Lippincott Rist F Watlz H (1983) Self-assessment of relapse risk and assertiveness in relation to treatment outcome of female alcoholics Addictive Behaviours 8, 121-127 Waxman, D (Ed) (1989) Hartlands Medical and Dental Hypnosis 3rd Edition Bailliere Tindall Wolpe J (1958) Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition Stanford University Press Wolpe J (1973) The Practice of Behavior Therapy 4th edition Pergamon Bibliography Alcock J (2001) Animal Behavior 7th edition Sunderland Domjan M P (2007) The Principles of Learning and Behavior 5th edition Academic Internet Publishers Marks I M (1987) Fears, phobias, and rituals: Panic, anxiety, and their disorders New York Oxford University Press Watson J B (1913) Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it Psychological Review, 20, 158-177Yadav N (2003) A Handbook of Educational Psychology Anmol Publications Research Papers on Behavioral TherapyThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paper

Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens.

Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens. Many characters face imprisonment in the novel Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens. This essay explores those imprisonments, be they literal or figurative."'Keep still you little devil or I'll cut your throat!'A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg."Early on in the novel Great Expectations, Dickens introduces the concept of imprisonment, a theme that is subtly intertwined throughout the story. In this first part, the man who is speaking is imprisoned by his leg iron. The person being spoken to is imprisoned by the threats of the other.Pip, the protagonist of Great Expectations, and also the person being threatened in the above quote, suffers from imprisonment on a day to day basis. As a child, he has a frightening encounter with an escaped convict. He carries the imprisonment of the many lies and secrets he must keep to himself as a result of this experience.English: Miss Havisham and Pip, in an illustration...As an adolescent, he has to suffer the impriso nment of his social class. He routinely laments about his chosen career as a blacksmith, since Estella looks down upon his for it. Pip's "prisons" are the ones that affect the tone of the book the most.Estella suffers from various "prisons" as well. Miss Havisham is an obvious one. Miss Havisham totally controls all the thought processes in Esteem's head. Estella is brainwashed to have "no heart." In this way, Estella is also her own prison. Her inability to feel emotions ultimately leads to her downfall. She marries Bentley Drummle because he does not expect her to feel anything towards him. Unfortunately, the marriage is an unpleasant and abusive one.Miss Havisham is in the most torturous prison of all, because it eventually ends up taking her life. Ever since she received that fated...

Black world study Intellectual Autobiography Essay

Black world study Intellectual Autobiography - Essay Example e the black historical experiences, the African-American experience, the race and ethnicity struggles, social stratification and black American renaissance movements that fostered black cultural identity (Bobo and Hudley 43). I am now aware that Africa continent is the cradle of mankind since there is existing documented anthropological evidence of existence of human beings and evidence of early civilizations in countries such as Egypt. The history of European colonization of African countries and enslavement of blacks in Western Hemisphere was critical for understanding how blacks of contributed to the diverse nature of societies across the world and how their force labor furthered overseas trade. I learned about the origins of transatlantic slave trade that mainly supplied slave labor to the southern cotton plantations in the new world between 1400 and 1800. The Jim Crow laws and Black Codes discriminated the blacks and perpetuated slavery by ensuring segregation and arrest of violent and escaping slavery. The blacks encountered extreme poverty during the Great Depression due to lack of formal jobs and low education levels (Bobo and Hudley 47). The program introduced me to the race, gender, and class oppression that affected the Black world and how the blacks struggled to overcome the various forms of enslavement, oppression, discrimination and prejudice in the society. The program enabled me understand how the black struggles against oppression led to the amendments of the US constitution such as the provisions that allowed equal participation in elections and fair justice procedures. Accordingly, black power movements strengthened human right activists who spearheaded the anti-discrimination legislation such as the Civil rights Act of 1967. I have learned that black people used civil disobedience to steer racial reforms and some organizations that spearheaded the demand for equality include Black Panther Party and Black Student Movement (Bobo and Hudley 44).

TheLesson EugeneIonesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TheLesson EugeneIonesco - Essay Example From the play, it is evident that the professor is also a domineering and violent person. He uses language to attack the student. HE shows his power and control in a very cruel manner (Ionesco 69). Later on in the lesson, he is also depicted as someone who easily loses his patience. It leads him into homicidal acts. The other character in the play is the pupil. The pupil is an 18 year old lady who wears a student smock with a white collar. During his first times in the class with the professor, she comes out as a very enthusiastic and hopeful person. She believes that the professor will help her pass the total â€Å"doctorate† exams. As the play progresses the pupil shows very absurd lack of common elementary knowledge (Ionesco 50). She does not know the capital city of France let alone the seasons of the year. As the lesson progresses, she surprisingly gets enough courage and equanimity to defy the professor. She does so with minimal success. The final character is the maid. She is a friendly and a loyal servant. She also comes out as considerate and caring person when she warns and advices the professor about his actions. The maid is submissive and this makes him accompany the professor even when he was going to engage in unacceptable acts. The power struggle in the Lesson by Eugene Ionesco comes out in the form of a satirized to â€Å"totalitarianism† in politics, education and language. The author sets it is a way that the professor only has one student at a time. This is itself is a demonstration of the control that the tutor was seeking over his student. He is teaching his student in a manner which is not only stifling but also very controlling. The professor talks nonsense and at the same time expects the student to be able to verbalize what he wants her to say. This theme in the play is meant to show how such practices have detrimental impact in the education settings.

Style of Chinese Negotiation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Style of Chinese Negotiation - Case Study Example In forming such joint venture arrangements, the challenges the Chinese business negotiations pose is so great that there had been instances that many a number of business deals between China and other western countries including USA had failed because of poor negotiations. As John Graham and Mark Lam (2003) see this is because often "Americans see Chinese negotiators as inefficient, indirect and even dishonest, while the Chinese see American negotiators as aggressive, impersonal and excitable". Differences in the management style and problems in negotiations have deep cultural origins. Despite these hindrances, it is possible to win the negotiations with Chinese businessmen, provided a clear understanding of the social, cultural and economic aspects of the negotiation with Chinese entrepreneurs is evolved. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the intricacies of Chinese negotiations including the cultural background of such negotiations. The paper also deals with the influence of Confucian traits like hierarchy, harmony and faces on communication, characteristics of communication and the Chinese perception of negotiation. Further the paper will also discuss the challenges the Chinese negotiation process poses for managing the international business in China. 2.0 Literature Review: A number of studies had been conducted in the area of business negotiations of the Sino - Western and Sino - American joint venture arrangements. These studies which started around the 1980s have made an in-depth study into the peculiarities of the negotiations of business deals with Chinese government and businessmen. Most important studies have been conducted by Blackman 1997; Chen 1993; Davidson 1987; Deverge 1986; Fang 1999; Frankenstein 1986; Lee and Lo 1988; Pye 1982; Stewart & Keown 1989; Tung 1982. The primary objective of these studies is to bring out an exhaustive narration of the socio-cultural implications of the negotiations with the Chinese and the intricacies thereof. It cannot be said that these studies have completely made the recommendations for the successful negotiation of business deals with the Chinese business empires. An abstract of these studies is detailed in the following sections. 3.0 Role of Culture in Chinese Negotiation: The Chinese culture which is 5000 years old has large influence on their business negotiations. The rural origin of a majority of the people has made them to retain their agrarian values. Social and economic theories attached more importance to the agricultural base rather than commerce and business. Because of the rural base, the human values assumed more prominence in the negotiations than the business profits and gains. John Graham and Mark Lam (2003) say that "Chinese negotiators are more concerned with the means than the end; with the process more than the goal." 'Morality' is the next aspect of culture that greatly affects the Chinese negotiations. Confucianism, which is a 2500 years ancient Chinese philosophical tradition, makes morality the all pervasive factor throughout the negotiation process. For coherence sake, the detailed discussion on 'Confucianism' is included in the section on Chinese Business Culture. The Chinese

Dark Tourism Within The Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

Dark Tourism Within The Tourism Industry Tourism Essay The topic of this essay will discuss dark tourism within the tourism industry and what motivates tourists to visit this place Introduction The aim of this essay is to discuss the relevance and appropriateness of different approaches of research in the researchers chosen subject area (dark tourism) and what motivates tourist or visitors to visit this place. There is different research method. In other words, the researcher will be using different approaches to evaluate and analyse them. In addition, the essay will discuss and critically evaluate the available resource in the subject area example by using qualitative research or quantitative research, primary and secondary research, inductive and deductive approach, positivist or phenomenological approach and ethnography. Furthermore, the researcher will justify why this approach has been taken this into consideration or chosen and not the other approaches. Firstly, the literature of this essay will define research, qualitative research, and quantitative research. Secondly, this essay will define dark tourism and validity. And finally, conclusion will be summarised. There are different definitions for research methods, quantitative research and qualitative research. According to Sekaran (1994, p. 4) quoted in Finn et al (2000, p.2) he defines research as a systematic and organised effort to investigate a specific problem that needs solution. Whilst Elias (1986, p.20) cited in Veal (2006, p. 2) argues it as The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all science. Put simple and cursorily, the aim is to make known something previously unknown to human beings. It is to advance human knowledge, to make it more certain or better fitting The aim is discovery. Veal also Define quantitative approach as to research involves statistical analysis. It relies on numerical evidence to draw conclusions or to test hypotheses. To be sure of the reliability of the results it is often necessary to study relatively large numbers of people and to use computers to analyse the data. The data may be derived from questionnaire surveys, from observation involving counts, or from secondary sources. Adding to that, Veal also defines the qualitative approach as research is generally not concern with numbers. It involves gathering a great deal of information about a small number of people rather than a limited amount of information about large number of people. As the researcher said earlier, there are different definitions for quantitative and qualitative research, here are some other definitions form another author. Brent and Goeldner (2003, p, 487) define qualitative research as the foundation on which strong, reliable research programs are based. It is most often the first step in a research program the step designed to uncover motivation, reasons, impression, perception, and ideas that relevant individuals have about a subject of interests. Unlike more quantitative methods of research, qualitative research involves talking in depth and detail with few individuals. The goal is to develop extensive information from a few people. The author also defines quantitative as a type of research; the goal is to develop important-but limited- information from each individual and to talk with a sizable number of individuals in order to draw inferences about the population at large. The characteristic of qualitative research, on the other hand, inc ludes small samples, extensive information from each other respondent, and a search for meaning, ideas and relevant issues to quantify in later steps of the research program. Dark tourism is a different type of tourist attraction. It is the act of travel and visitation to sites of death, disaster and the seemingly macabre. Tourists flock to experience sites of past terror that offer up grim and disturbing tragedies (www.citypaper). Howie (2003, p. 325) argues that dark tourism can be define as a term coined by Lennon and Foley(2000) for tourism motivated by a desire to visit places associated with death and catastrophe such as famous assassination sites, for example where president Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas, or the concentration camps in Europe and Holocaust memorial in Israel. Dark tourism has been very important because is the time people remember their loves ones who has been dead through war. Tourist or visitors intend to visit the darker side of tourism from all over the world and for different reasons for example because of curiosity and maybe something they have heard before. Dark tourism includes some of the most famous places in the world to visit. It is obvious that most tourists travel because they are very interested in seeing the dark side of tourism such as the death and disaster which occurred in countries such as country France, Belgium and Germany where soldiers died in the wars. This dark tourism issue has caused a lot of discussion as to why people do this in among academics. Research in the field of dark tourism has not been very important until the early nineteen seventies; it began to spread only since that time. Marketing research is a broad concept including various techniques, but a main distinction should be made between quantitative and qualitative research methods. As said early Quantitative techniques describe variables by assigning a number representing an attitude, opinion or motivation- which can be statistically analysed. In contrast, qualitative research focuses on attitudes, opinions and motivations in the words of each respondent, but without quantifying it. Quantitative methods have always dominated in tourism, as it often appears as more reliable, since it is based on facts that can be observed, and then analysed. This paper will focus on the quantitative correlation study method used in survey based researches. Social research is a collection of methods people use to systematically combine theories and ideas to produce knowledge. Because of its complexity, researchers must be able to carefully select a method or methods that will best suit their study objectives. Quantitative research methods consist of: experiment, content analysis, existing statistics (correlation), and survey. The correlation and survey will be the two main methods that will be emphasized. In a survey research, people are asked questions either through the use of questionnaires or during an interview. Unlike the experiment approach, the condition and situation in a survey requires no manipulation. All the subjects have to do is to answer questions. Good quantitative research is determined by validity and reliability of the research method used. Quantitative research is a technique for comparing relationship between time, weight, size and performance. The purpose of quantitative market research is to have an increased understanding of the product First Fruit. This research is numerically oriented and requires attention of consumers as well. For example an insurance company may ask its customers to rate its overall service as excellent, good, poor, very poor. Quantitative data consist of numbers representing counts or measurements (e.g., height, weights, salaries, etc.). Quantitative data can be further divided into discrete data or continuous data. Discrete data result from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. Continuous data result from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps are interruptions. However, qualitative techniques have become to be more commonly used for the last decade. Each technique has obviously specific advantages and drawbacks; that is why it is necessary to examine both in different contexts, especially in tourism research. As Alf H. Walle reported in his report called Quantitative versus Qualitative Research in Tourism, plurality of equally valid research strategies exist within tourism. Choice must be thus determined according to the situation in which the research takes place. Grounded Theory is still very relevant today as it is the main form of rigorous and rule-governed qualitative methods. Even if it attempts to maintain positivist rigor, a high degree of Modernism can be reached through this technique. As both quantitative and qualitative research methods have advantages and drawbacks. To evaluate this problem and overcome the limitations, the principal solution appears to be the use of both methods in the same time, according to the situation. As Miller and Crabtree pointed out, different levels of intensity can be reached in tourism research, this intensity being defined as the degree to which qualitative methods are associated with quantitative methods. The canonical correlation analysis is based on the same principle, but it uses multiple dependent variables, thus enlarging the scope of research. However, both methods have the same limitations: omitted variables may be correlated with existing ones, and the environmental conditions are likely to change. On the other hand, factor analysis and collecting analysis are two other important quantitative techniques that can be useful for tourism research methods. Factor analysiss goal is to identify the underlying dimension in data and to reduce the number of variables by eliminating redundancy. Validity also helps produce the desire result the researcher is looking for. Validity can define as the extent to which the information collected by the researcher truly reflects the phenomenon being studied veal (2006, p.41). In tourism research there are different approaches targeting the audience when researching. The primary sources of these methods have largely come from sociology and anthrop ology. Since that time, qualitative techniques have developed, but the sharpest rise in qualitative publications has really occurred in the nineteen eighties, the main reason for that being that figures cant explain all the situations, especially in a field such as tourism. Besides, decision behaviours are always depending on two main elements that should not be forgotten: firstly, task factors include the number of alternative and attributes, time pressure, response mode and information format. Secondly, Context factors refer to the similarity of the options in a choice, the quality of the choice set, as well as reference points and framing. This report also considers qualitative techniques as inadequate because of the extra time, effort and skill required; besides the model tested may in this case be incompletely or inadequately specified. Most researchers use different approaches of researching as has been said before, for example a focus group. Using a focus group also help analyse what the research is about and also gives broad ideas of another audience. Additionally, it also helps identify what people want and love to do in a tourism organisation. Researchers conduct focus group so that they can know the perception of their opinion, attitude or be haviours towards something. Focus group is a unique method of qualitative research in discussing issues with group of people. According to lia (2003, p.1) a focus group is defined as a small structured group with selected participant, normally led by a moderator. They are set up in other groups to explore specific topic, and individual views and experiences through group interaction a focus group is intended to be a collection of data from audience and also having individual interviews for example face to face interviews. On the other hand, a focus group has a limitation of analysing a topic. A Focus group can very be difficult in terms of gathering all the information taken from a target audience. As Monique (2007, p. 10) argues that despite popular belief, focus group research is not a cheap and quick exercise; it requires a great of preparation, organisation, and time to collect, manage and analyse and the data. The sample size is usually small, and there is a large use of non-pr obability sampling methods, meaning that results cant be generalized to the whole population, they are just reliable for the sample concerned. Descriptive methods summarize some aspects of the environment, they only describe but without looking for the cause and effect of relationships. Surveys with questionnaires are the main way to collect data, they can be achieved face-to-face or by indirect means such as mail, phone, fax or the Internet. This usually takes a long time, but a large sample can be used easily. Finally, causal research establishes a cause-effect link between variables. In each case, the main strength of projective techniques is that respondents are more willing to give answers that they wouldnt have given if they knew the purpose of the study, especially when the subject is personal or difficult. Whats more, it can reveal motivations or attitudes at a subconscious level. Yet, these methods require highly trained interviewers and skilled interpreters, as they are open ended techniques that can thus be difficult to interpret. Finally, other qualitative methods can be used to explain the reasons and motivations underlying in peoples decisions. Moreover, there are different ways of research in terms of academic working. Researcher mostly use the following ways, referencing usually when we paraphrase or summarize someone else opinion. Books, journals, video, personal interview, emails and many more are some of the sources that researchers use. Qualitative research can be used to enhance quantitative work. Finally, in qualitative research it can lead to theological sampling. As quoted from (Manson 1996:93-4) in Long (2007, p.42) said, theoretical sampling means selecting groups or categories to study on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦basis of their relevance to your question , your theoretical positionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and most importantly the explanation or account which you are developingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[using] criteria which help to develop and test your theory and explanation. The researcher is going to identify some side effect or complication of secondary research. According to veal (2006, p.148) he argues that are advantage and disadv antage of using secondary data to analyse research. Some of the advantages can be, timing- data maybe instantly available, cost of collecting new data avoided and disadvantages can be secondary data that has been designed for another purpose so it may be not be ideal for the current project. A clear link with this essay summarise up the importance of why visitors or tourist visit the darker side of tourism. It has now become clear that, tourists have their own interest and what motivates them to visit this place which there is no doubt for that. Additionally, the researcher focuses on different approaches of research and picked one approach to research the dark tourism.

Covenant and Promise Essays -- essays research papers

COVENANT AND PROMISE †¢ BERITH = Hebrew word for covenant †¢ Berith is found in the earliest records in the Bible and is fundamental to Hebrew religion. In Latin it is Testamentum. †¢ The Old Testament and the New Testaments means the old and the new covenants. A covenant is a promise. †¢ Chesed = Hebrew word for the attitude of loyalty and faithfulness which both parties should observe towards one another in a covenant relationship. †¢ The covenant ‘chesed’ of God is so strong that it can never pass away. The Covenant with Abraham †¢ The records of ancient Israel were not written down until the time of King David, who had a court and a scribe. This was the time when Israel possessed the land of Canaan. †¢ The records were then redacted at later dates, significantly in the period of the exile (597BCE) †¢ There are two covenants recorded in Genesis made with Abraham. †¢ Genesis 15. Abraham is told to kill a selection of animals and is then put into a deep sleep. A flaming pot passes through. This is a ceremony to seal the covenant. The covenant was one sided, God made promises, Abraham received them. The Covenant with Abraham †¢ Covenant 2 †¢ Genesis 17 records the outward sign of the covenant, circumcision. This is still an important practise today. †¢ 17:9 God also said to Abraham: "On your part, you and your descendants after you must keep my covenant throughout the ages.This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you that you must keep: every male among you shall be circumcised. Circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and that shall be the mark of the covenant between you and me. †¢ 17:12 Throughout the ages, every male among you, when he is eight days old, shall be circumcised†¦ Thus my covenant shall be in your flesh as an everlasting pact. †¢ Scholars believe this is a later covenant influenced by the experiences of the exile. The Promises of the Covenant with Abraham †¢ Abraham is promised that he will be the father of... ...en the The Kingdom of God reigns once more on earth. Second Isaiah †¢ Another prophet of the exile. †¢ Absolute monotheism emerged during the period of the exile. †¢ If there is only one God, then he is also the God of the nations. †¢ Isaiah pictures a renewal of the covenant on return from exile at Jerusalem. †¢ Significantly all nations will come to worship Israel’s God. ISAIAH 40:1 Comfort, give comfort to my people, Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and proclaim to her that her service is at an end, her guilt is expiated; Indeed, she has received from the hand of the LORD double for all her sins. 40:3 A voice cries out: In the desert prepare the way of the LORD! Make straight in the wasteland a highway for our God! 40:4 Every valley shall be filled in, every mountain and hill shall be made low; The rugged land shall be made a plain, the rough country, a broad valley. 40:5 Then the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and all mankind shall see it together; for the mouth of the LORD has spoken. Peter Vardy â€Å"Covenant and Promise† 2000

Graduating from High School Essay

Most grade-schoolers dream about the day they will walk across the stage on beginning day and receive their diplomas. They are under the impression they will be free from all work in their life, and be able to finally live. A person graduating from high school can take many directions in life; most graduates also go to dorm at college, travel to college, or start working. First, many graduates run from their parents and desire to go to college as far away from home as possible. When students move away, they get their first feel of living away from home. Which brings everyday jobs like Cooking, cleaning, and doing laundry are a few examples of how college students have to learn to give for themselves. Also, earning a college degree gives a person greater earning like the ability to work in the field of their choice. Going away to college can be a wonderful time for a person to grown-up and start their adult life. Another decision a person may choose after graduating high school is commute to a college. Traveling is not a possibility for everyone graduating high school because of location, but can be a great chance for those who are in drivable distance to a college. Living with parents and driving to college can save college student money because they do not have to pay to dorm. Staying with parents means mom is still around to give home cooked meals and life does not change from high school. Commuting to college can be a great way to save money, while still earning a college degree. Last, many high school students decide not to go to a college and join the work force right after high school. This means they will not be able to pay back expensive school loans and will be able to have more financial freedom in the short term. A person joining the work has the ability to stay in touch with friends in the area they live in and a few years after graduating or find their own place to reside. Joining the work force out of high school is a great option for some people who choose to do so but is not the best plan for those who want to more education. A person’s decision about what they will do after high school, weather it is going away to college, commuting to college or joining the work force, will affect them the rest of their life. A lot of thought and prayer should go into any decision, especially those which will affect a person for the rest of their life. In the end, if a person they believe God wants them to does it will end up the way God wants it.

Infectious Diarrhoea Essays

Infectious Diarrhoea Essays Infectious Diarrhoea Essay Infectious Diarrhoea Essay Infectious Diarrhoea is a Major Cause of Global Mortality. Discuss. Introduction Infectious diarrhea has been a major cause of planetary morbidity and mortality, peculiarly in immature kids in developing states where medical resources and living conditions are hapless. Harmonizing to statistics, about 2.2 million kids will decease from diarrhea and related diseases this twelvemonth, 80 % of them in the first two old ages of their life ; 42,000 a hebdomad, 6,000 a twenty-four hours, 4 every minute, 1 every 14 seconds. [ 1 ] A big assortment of viruses, bacteriums and parasites are responsible for doing infective diarrhea. Statisticss show that 40 % instances of travelers diarrhea are due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 22 % instances caused by unknown pathogens, 10 % instances caused by Shigella spp. and enterohamemorrhagic Escherichia coli, another 10 % caused by virus, and the remainder caused by Protozoa and other species. [ 2 ] The major path of transmittal of these enteropathogens is via fecal to unwritten contact, and besides via contaminated nutrient e.g. natural meat, H2O e.g. domestic H2O supplies, and via human to human contact e.g. adumbrate sexual contact such as oral-anal sex. Syndromes There are three major clinical syndromes of infective diarrhea ; these include acute watery diarrhea, dysentery and relentless diarrhea. Acute watery diarrhea as its name suggests is the transition of watery stools more often than normal, and frequently is accompanied by symptoms such as sickness, emesis, and abdominal uncomfortableness. It normally consequences from stomach flu, which is the redness of the GI piece of land. Normally a healthy person would retrieve within 5 to10 yearss. However for persons who have weaker immune system such as the immature, aged and those infected with HIV, it could be a dangerous issue, since it causes terrible desiccation. In immature persons and babies, rotavirus infection is the most common cause of acute watery diarrhea, and has symptoms of a febrility and mild jobs in the respiratory system, followed by diarrhea and emesis. Dehydration and metabolic acidosis would continue if fluid and electrolyte are non replaced. The degree of desiccation could be assessed clinically by the doing observations of the tegument tone and tissue turgour, waterlessness of the mucous membrane membran e, and the depression of the anterior soft spot. In grownups, the bacteria E. coli is the most common cause of acute watery diarrhea, and has symptoms of febrility, abdominal hurting, and sickness. These symptoms normally persist for 3 to 5 yearss, and terrible desiccation is non common in grownups but is common if it had occurred in immature babies. Dysentery diarrhea is when blood and Pus are present in the fecal matters, accompanied by symptoms of anorexia, hurting, febrility, and abdominal hurting, normally ensuing from amendss done to the big bowel by the microorganisms. Dysentery diarrhea can be divided into two major types, amboetic dysentery and bacillary dysentery. Amboetic dysentery is caused by the ameba Entamoeba histolytica ; it may be transmitted via tainted nutrient and H2O. Amoeba signifier morbific cysts in fecal matters and it may distribute if a individual touches the fecal matters and somehow ingests it. Bacillar dysentery consists of chiefly three bacterial groups, which are Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella enterica. Alternatively, dysentery could be caused by medicines for illustration steroids, which disrupts the intestine motion. Persistent diarrhea is merely characterised as diarrhea that has continued for more than 14 yearss. Most instances of relentless diarrhea seem to be associated with the same pathogens that cause ague diarrhea. This is backed up by surveies done in India, Bangladesh and Peru, which found that rotavirus ; Campylobacter and Shigella are every bit common in acute and relentless diarrhea. [ 3 ] Several factors could hold a major impact on the likeliness of relentless diarrhea ; these include the old diarrhea infection, the nutritionary position and interestingly the eating pattern. Surveies have found that kids who have improper nutrition or an deficient diet, have an increased hazard of holding drawn-out episode of persistant diarrhea, this increases the hazard of them deceasing. [ 3 ] Furthermore, surveies have found that suckling lowers the continuance of diarrhoeal episodes. For illustration, in Peru, babies aged from 9 to 11 months who were non breastfed had mean diarrheal continuanc es 49 per centum longer than those breastfed continuously. [ 3 ] One account for this is because diarrhea worsens the ability of the baby to digest lactose, a substance found in carnal milk ; hence as a concatenation consequence, this worsens and prolongs the effects of diarrhea. Mechanisms There are two major mechanisms that enable a pathogen to bring on infective diarrhea, which is either an increased enteric secernment of fluid and electrolytes predominately in the little bowel, or a reduced soaking up of fluid, electrolytes and sometimes foods that can affect little or big bowel. Increased enteric secernment Cholera Cholera is an acute infection of the GI piece of land caused by the comma-shaped Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholera. The disease has a long history characterised by epidemics and pandemics. Cholera produces cholera toxin, which is the model for enterotoxin. Possibly the most astonishing characteristic about cholera toxin is that it switches on secernment without damaging the enterocyte. Basically, cholera toxin has two major parts, the first is a pentameric protein that binds to the surface of the enteric epithelial tissue, and the 2nd is an ADP-ribosylation enzyme which ribosylates the Gs alpha fractional monetary unit of the hetertrimeric G protein doing constituent camp production. This leads to an addition in secernment of chloride and H2O into the lms of the bowel. Hence rapid desiccation would happen. The cholera being requires extra virulency factors to enable it to last the host defense mechanisms and adhere to the enteric mucous membrane. For illustration, a big figure of the beings are required to be ingested since it is sensitive to stomach acid, and colonization of little bowel depends on the polar scourge production of mucinase fond regard to specific receptors. Symptoms caused by cholera include watery non-bloody diarrhea known as rice H2O stool because of its visual aspect ; this can ensue in the loss of one liter of fluid per hr. This unstable loss causes electrolyte instability which in bend lead to terrible desiccation, acidosis and perchance hypvolemic daze taking to cardiac failure. Decreased enteric soaking up Rotavirus Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the household Reoviridae. It is the 1 of the taking, individual cause of terrible diarrhea in babies and immature kids. [ 4 ] Almost every kid in the universe has been infected with this virus at least one time by the age of five. [ 5 ] In malice of this, unsusceptibility develops against this virus so farther infections are less serious, [ 6 ] hence there is really small opportunity that an grownup would be affected. [ 7 ] Rotavirus could be divided into seven species: A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Rotavirus A is the most common, and do 90 % of infection in human, with a contact of killing about 500,000 kids every twelvemonth, [ 8 ] and doing more than 2 million to be become highly ill. [ 9 ] The mechanism by which rotavirus invades and replicated is summarised as follows: First, rotavirus infects enterocytes of the villi of the little bowels, this cause a alteration in construction and map of the epithelial tissue. [ 11 ] This leads to malabsorption of the epithelial tissue, therefore enteric soaking up would be greatly decreased. One utile feature that Rota virus has is its ternary protein coats, doing them resistant to the acidic pH of the tummy and the digestive enzymes in the intestine. A cyst called endosome is formed after the virus enters the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis. A concentration gradient of Ca is achieved when the protein in the 3rd bed, called VP4 and VP7 spike interrupt the membrane of the endosome. Subsequently VP7 pruners are broken down into individual protein fractional monetary units, hence VP2 and VP6 protein coats are left around the viral dsRNA to organize a double-layered atom. The staying 11 dsRNA protected by the two protein shells are so able to bring forth transcripts of the two-base hit stranded viral genome, by utilizing the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. By concealing in the nucleus, the viral RNA could avoid RNA intervention induced by the host s immune response. From here on, rotavirus could bring forth messenger RNA for both protein biogenesis and cistron reproduction. Diagnosis Diagnosis is normally non needed in the bulk of acute watery diarrhea since it normally resolves within a few yearss. However diagnosing would be required in more serious episodes such as dysentery, and relentless diarrhea where it could take to decease. Normally stool microscopy and civilization is used since it is the cheapest and simplest diagnosing compared to other techniques. This normally involves the examining of stool samples under a light microscope by an experient perceiver and so cultured for bacterial enteropathogens. Particular dyes are used to help sensing of cysts and spores of the pathogen. Microscopy is peculiarly of import in placing the undermentioned species: Crytosporidum parvum, Gaiardia intestinalis, Cyclospora cayetansis and Entamoeba histolytica. Alternatively, serodiagnosis could be used to place the pathogen. This involves proving the blood serum for specific antibodies. However this technique is merely utile in certain species, such as Y enterocolitica and is really time-consuming. Treatment There are several types of intervention for diarrhea. The first and most common therapy is the unwritten rehydration therapy ( ORT ) which involves replacing the fluid and electrolytes via the unwritten path. The solution given is called the unwritten rehydration solution which normally consists of glucose-electrolyte solutions. This therapy has helped many patients enduring from terrible diarrhea by forestalling desiccation and acidosis. Alternatively, solutions which contain a high Na content ( e.g. soup ) , a high glucose content ( e.g. fruit juice ) , and a high saccharide content ( e.g. pasta ) could assist by bettering the glucose-sodium co-transport mechanism. Anti-diarrhoeal drugs have been developed to cut down stool frequence, volume and symptoms such as abdominal hurting. These could be divided into anti-motility agents and anti-secretary agents. Anti-motility agents, for illustration Loperamide, work by increasing enteric theodolite clip and promoting the resorption of electrolytes. Despite holding the advantage of cut downing fecal production, loperamide has possible side effects impacting the cardinal nervous system and the respiratory system ; hence it is non used in immature babies. On the other manus anti-secretary drugs, which are drugs aimed to aim and suppress straight the secretary processes within the enterocyte, are still at an early phase of development. Antimicrobial intervention such as antibiotic therapy could assist cut down the badness of diarrhea but is merely recommended for a limited scope of infections, for illustration, cholera, dysenteric bacillary dysentery, pseudo membranous enterocolitis and those due to parasites, and sexually familial diseases. Mention 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //rehydrate.org/diarrhoea/ 2. Handszuh H, Waters SR. Travel and touristry forms. In: DuPont HL, Steffen R, eds. Textbook of travel medical specialty and wellness. Dekker: 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //rehydrate.org/dd/su48.htm # 10 4. Dennehy PH ( 2000 ) . Transmission of rotavirus and other enteral pathogens in the place . 5. Velazquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, Guerrero L, Morrow AL, Carter-Campbell S, Glass RI, Estes MK, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios GM ( 1996 ) . Rotavirus infections in babies as protection against subsequent infections . 6. Linhares AC, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD, Freitas RB, Flewett TH, Beards GM ( 1988 ) . Epidemiology of rotavirus subgroups and serotypes in Belem, Brazil: a three-year survey . 7. Bishop RF ( 1996 ) . Natural history of human rotavirus infection . 8. World Health Organization. Rotavirus vaccines place paper. 9. Simpson E, Wittet S, Bonilla J, Gamazina K, Cooley L, Winkler JL ( 2007 ) . Use of formative research in developing a cognition interlingual rendition attack to rotavirus vaccine debut in developing states . 10. 1: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Rotavirus_replication.png 11. Greenberg HB, Clark HF, Offit PA ( 1994 ) . Rotavirus pathology and pathophysiology .